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Introduction.From Brockton and Bur-bank to Brasilia, Bombay, Brussels and British Columbia1

The Boston Client1

The Bartow Client3

United States Import Remedies4

Global Trade Law6

Economic Status8

Export Controls9

Regional Trade Law12

Chapter One.World Trade and Multina-tional Enterprises14

Patterns of World Trade and Economic Rela-tions16

Services Trade17

The Rise o f Asia18

Nontariff Trade Barriers19

Trade Incentives20

The Legal Framework of Trade21

The Multinational Enterprise （MNE）23

MNE Financial Practices: Transfer Pricing25

The Role of Corporate Counsel to a MNE28

A Hypothetical Day for MNE Corporate Coun-sel30

Chapter Two.The World Trade Organi-zation （WTO） and International Monetary Fund （IMF）32

The GATT （1947）: History and Provisions34

Trade in Goods: Core GATT Principles36

GATT Procedures37

The GATT Multinational Trade Negotiations（Rounds）39

United States Participation in Trade Negotia-tions—The USTR41

The World Trade Organization （WTO） and GATT 199442

WTO Agreements and U.S.Law44

GATT/WTO Nontariff Trade Barrier Codes46

The WTO Agreement on Agriculture48

The General Agreement on Trade in Services （GATS）51

WTO Decision-Making52

Consensus Rules55

Admission to the WTO56

Dispute Settlement Under WTO57

Phase 1: Consultation59

Phase 2: Panel establishment, investigation and report61

Phase 3: Appellate review of the panel report64

Phase 4: Adoption of the panel or Appellate Body decision65

Phase 5: Implementation of the decision adopted66

Phase 6: Compensation Option66

Phase 7: Authorized Retaliation67

Retaliation in Action68

U.S.Involvement in WTO Dispute Resolution71

The International Monetary Fund （IMF）76

IMF Operations77

Special Drawing Rights （SDRs）78

The EURO Zone80

Chapter Three.Restrictions on Imports81

United States Trade Laws81

U.S.Import Laws83

The Origins of United States Tariffs87

United States Tariff Rates88

Column 1 Tariffs and the GATT90

Foreign Trade Zones91

Customs Classification92

Customs Valuation94

Rules of Origin95

Generalized Tariff Preferences for Developing Nations96

Caribbean Basin, Andean and African Trade Preferences99

Goods Incorporating United States Compo-nents101

Duty Free Access to the United States103

U.S.Import Quotas and Nontariff Trade Bar-riers104

U.S.Public Procurement106

Buy American107

GATT Code and U.S.Response110

WTO Procurement Code112

U.S.Product Standards113

Tuna, Shrimp, Beef and GMO Disputes114

Responses of Domestic Producers to Import Competition115

Dumping and Antidumping Duties118

U.S.Antidumping Law120

Market Economy Dumping Determinations122

Nonmarket Economy Dumping Determinations124

U.S.Implementation of the WTO Antidump-ing Code125

Interpretation of the WTO Antidumping Code128

Subsidies and Countervailing Duties129

WTO Subsidies Code130

U.S.Countervailing Duty Law133

Red, Yellow, Amber and Green Light Subsidies133

Enforcement Procedures135

U.S.Escape Clause （Safeguard） Proceedings136

Protective Relief138

Adjustment Assistance140

The WTO Safeguards Agreement141

Interpretation141

U.S.Steel Tariffs142

U.S.Court of International Trade143

Chapter Four.Controls on Exports146

U.S.Export Policy148

The Export Administration Act and Regulations150

The Process of Licensing Exports152

Commerce Control List153

Licensed Exports154

Licensing Timetable155

Sanctions for EAA Violations157

Boycott Provisions and U.S.Export Laws158

Antiboycott Provisions of U.S.Export Laws160

Sanctions162

Foreign Corrupt Practices Act163

1988 Amendments164

OECD Code165

Section 301 and Super 301166

Section 301 Procedures167

Super 301169

Effect of WTO Dispute Settlement170

Chapter Five.Free Trade Agreements and Customs Unions172

GATT Article ⅩⅩⅣ174

Developing World Integration176

Africa176

Islamic World178

Latin America and Caribbean178

Global Proliferation of Free Trade Agreements181

A Case Study: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations （ASEAN）181

Declarations and Summits183

ASEAN Trade Rules and Industrial Projects185

Freer Trade186

International Impact187

ASEAN Complementation Schemes and Joint Ventures189

Complementation Schemes189

Joint Ventures191

East Asian Integration192

Chapter Six.The European Union195

Three Communities196

Europe Without Internal Frontiers198

Free Movement199

Treaty on European Union （1993）200

Amsterdam Treaty （1999）201

Treaty of Nice （2003）202

A Constitution for Europe?203

The Council of Ministers205

The Commission and Law-Making207

Powers of the Commission208

Legislative Involvement209

The European Parliament210

Diverse Legislative Roles211

Budgetary Powers213

The European Court of Justice and Court of First Instance214

ECJ Procedures214

Linkage with National Courts216

Appeals and Prosecutions217

Court of First Instance218

The Nature of European Law219

Regulations and Directives220

Doctrine of Direct Effect221

EU Law Enforcement223

Grounds for Appeal223

Supremacy224

Free Movement of Goods226

Cassis Formula227

Exceptions to Free Movement229

Intellectual Property230

Exhaustion Doctrine230

Free Movement of Workers231

Right of Establishment233

Freedom to Provide Services233

Legal Profession234

Free Movement of Capital236

Common Transport Policy237

Common Agricultural Policy238

Taxation240

Trade Relations241

Jurisdiction and Enforcement of Judgments243

Business Organizations Law243

Chapter Seven.NAFTA and Free Trade in the Americas246

Canada-U.S.Free Trade247

The CFTA Agreement in Outline248

Trade in Goods248

Rules of Origin251

Services and Investment253

Dispute Settlement Under CFTA256

Antidumping and Subsidy Disputes256

Extraordinary Challenges257

North American Free Trade259

Fast Track Negotiations260

The NAFTA Agreement in Outline261

Trade in Goods262

Rules of Origin263

Energy265

Food Products265

Product Standards267

Safeguards268

Procurement268

Trade in Services269

Transport270

Telecommunications271

Cross-Border Investment and Investor-State272

Arbitrations272

Investor Rights273

Investor-State Arbitrations274

Exclusions275

Financial Services276

National Commitments277

Intellectual Property278

Other NAFTA Provisions279

Business Visas279

State Monopolies and Antitrust280

Miscellaneous Provisions281

Right of Withdrawal281

Dispute Settlement Under NAFTA282

Forum Selection: NAFTAorWTO282

Chapter 20283

Antidumping or Subsidy Disputes285

The Side Agreements on Labor and the Envi-ronment286

Environmental Disputes286

Labor Disputes287

Comparison With the European Union288

Free Trade and the Americas289

Fast Track Delayed290

Fast Track Arrives291

INDEX293