Textbook on Criminology【2025|PDF|Epub|mobi|kindle电子书版本百度云盘下载】

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1 Introduction1

2 Definitions, Terminology and the Criminal Process6

2.1 Introduction6

2.2 The judicial process2

2.3 Formal sources of criminal law7

2.4 Underlying influences7

2.5 Defining a crime11

2.6 Enforcement of criminal laws29

2.7 The criminal37

2.8 Terminology and classification38

2.9 Appeals39

2.10 Limits of prosecution40

2.11 Evi-dence42

2.12 Punishment42

3 Public Conceptions and Misconceptions of Crime46

3.1 Introduction46

3.2 Popular and media perceptions of crime47

3.3 Effects of media on public perceptions of crime55

3.4 Two unperceived areas of crime60

4 The Extent of Crime:A Comparison of Official and Unofficial Calculations76

4.1 Official statistics76

4.2 Comparative problems with official statistics81

4.3 The dark figure of crime83

4.4 Conclusion95

5 Victims, Victimisations and Victimology98

5.1 Introduction98

5.2 Theextent of the problem102

5.3 Who is at risk and why?104

5.4 Who fears crime?111

5.5 Support and services for victims114

5.6 Victim precipitation and lifestyle126

5.7 Conclusion130

6 Influences of Physical Factors and Genetics on Criminality140

6.1 Introduction140

6.2 Early constitutional or biological theories141

6.3 Lombroso142

6.4 After Lombroso145

6.5 Somatotypes and criminality148

6.6 Genetic factors149

6.7 Conclusion163

7 Influences of Biochemical Factors and of the Central and Autonomic Nervous Systems on Criminality168

7.1 Biochemical factors168

7.2 Nutritionally induced biochemical imbalances177

7.3 Criminality and the central nervous system182

7.4 Criminality and the autonomic nervous system187

7.5 Conclusion189

7.6 Postscript on biology and crime192

8 Psychological Theories of Criminality197

8.1 Introduction197

8.2 Psychoanalysis and criminality198

8.3 The normal criminal personality206

8.4 Assessment of dangerousness and criminality219

8.5 Conclusions234

9 Mental Disorder and Criminality240

9.1 Introduction240

9.2 Legal ideas of mental disorder241

9.3 Medical ideas of mental illness250

9.4 Psychopathy256

9.5 Self-induced mental incapacity259

9.6 Conclusion266

10 Intelligence and Learning272

10.1 Intelligence and crime272

10.2 Learning283

10.3 Conclusion298

11 The Sociology of Criminality305

11.1 Introduction305

11.2 The ecology of crime309

11.3 Poverty and unem-ployment324

11.4 Lower-class culture329

11.5 Conclusion335

12 Anomie, Strain and Juvenile Subculture343

12.1 Anomie and criminality343

12.2 Strain and relative deprivation351

12.3 Subcultural theories of juvenile deviance354

12.4 Matza and Sykes362

12.5 Conclusion366

13 Control Theories370

13.1 Introduction370

13.2 Early control theories371

13.3 Individual control372

13.4 Sociological control theories376

13.5 Control balance379

13.6 Facilitat-ing and choosing criminality382

13.7 Community based origins of conformity383

13.8 Official or institutional control agents393

13.9 Evaluation of control theories402

14 Labelling, Phenomenology and Ethnomethodology411

14.1 Introduction411

14.2 Labelling or interactionism413

14.3 Phenomen-ology and ethnomethodology425

14.4 Left idealism432

15 Conflict Theories and Radical Criminologies438

15.1 Introduction438

15.2 Conflict theories439

15.3 Radical criminology453

15.4 Conclusion457

16 Criminology and Realism462

16.1 The birth of realism462

16.2 Right realism464

16.3 Left realism469

17 Positivist Explanations of Female Criminality490

17.1 Introduction490

17.2 Biological, hormonal and psychological theories491

17.3 Learning theories503

17.4 Sex role theories504

17.5 Strain theories508

17.6 Control theories509

17.7 Conclusion511

18 Women's Liberation and Feminist Theories516

18.1 Introduction516

18.2 Female liberation517

18.3 Feminist theories526

18.4 Conclusion535

19 Envoi541

Index545