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Chapter 1 Introduction1

Chapter 2 Roman lurisprudentia as Prudentia luris7

1. Introduction to Roman Law, Especially Classical Law7

2. Roman lurisprudentia as Science of Law, as Distinct from its Modern Conception as Jurisprudenz in German and Jurisprudence in Anglosaxon Authors9

3. Priority of lurisprudentia over Law in Roman Law10

4. Etymology of the Term lurisprudentia as prudentia Applied to Law in a Practical Manner; Cognitive and Scientific Differences Regarding Scientia and Sapientia10

5. Decisive Creative Role in Roman lurisprudentia - Neither via Legislator Nor Judge - of Two Bodies: Jurisconsults and Praetor11

6. Origin of Roman lurisprudentia in the College of Pontiffs, as a "Secret" Concept, and Subsequent Conversion into "Lay" and "Public" Jurisprudence12

7. Value of lurisprudentia and lus Publicae Respondendi: Original Scope and Reduction by Augustus12

8. Grandeur of Roman lurisprudentia, Owing to Casuistics, Inductiveness and Intuitiveness; Value of Science of Law Today as a Theoretical-Doctrinal Concept14

9. Value of lurisprudentia in Roman Law: The Source of Law?15

10. Why lurisprudentia and not luriscientia?16

11. Roman Prudentia18

Chapter 3 The Anglosaxon Precedent19

1. The Anglosaxon System of Sources19

1.1. The Term "Anglosaxon" compared with "English" or "British"19

1.2. The English System of Sources22

1.2.1. List and Hierarchy of English Sources of Law24

A. Judge-made Law24

B. Statute Law27

1.2.2. The Stare Decisis31

1.2.3. Distinctions33

1.2.4. The Ratio Decidendi34

1.2.5. Declarative and Constitutive Theories of the Nature of Common Law36

1.2.6. Types of Precedent37

1.2.7. Hierarchy of Courts38

1.2.8. Publication of Precedents;The Law Reporting System39

1.3. The North American System of Sources40

1.4. The Scottish System of Sources43

2. Distinction between "Jurisprudence" - Science of Law - and "Case Law"- a Judicial Phenomenon44

3. Differences between Common Law and Continental Legal Systems45

3.1. The Distinct Influence of Roman Law47

3.2. The Influence of Legal Codes on the Continent compared with Case Law Character of the Anglosaxon System48

3.3. The Rationalist, Rule-based and Formalistic Conception of the Continental Systems Compared with Anglosaxon Realism and Empiricism49

3.4. The Evolution of and Respect for Tradition in the Anglosaxon System Compared with the Continental Revolutions50

3.5. A "Procedural" Law compared with a Law of "Rules"50

3.6. A Social Organisation Model Based on Individual Initiative and Free Enterprise Compared with the Interventionist an+d State-centred Continental Model50

3.7. An Open and Incomplete Law Compared with the Plenitude, Completeness and Closed Nature of the Continental Systems51

3.8. A Casuistic System Compared with the Pre-established and Preconceived a Priori Ideas of the Continental Systems; An Inorganic Doctrine without Codes; The Case Method51

3.9. Disregard of the Separation between Public and Private Law - a Key Issue in Continental Law52

4. Main Differences between Anglosaxon Precedent and Continental Case Law52

4.1. Provenance of Precedent from any Jurisdictional Body regardless of Hierarchical Rank52

4.2. One Single Ruling sufficient for Judicial Precedent53

4.3. Precedent as the Main Source of Anglosaxon Law53

4.4. The System of Dispersed Jurisdiction Compared with Concentrated Jurisdiction53

5. Current Harmonisation of Statute Law and Case Law Systems54

Chapter 4 Continental Case Law57

1. Concept and Main Requirements of Case Law in the Spanish Legal System57

1.1. The Provenance of Case Law57

1.1.1. The Supreme Court; Appeal to the Highest Instance (Appeal for Cassation)60

A. History of the Supreme Court and Appeal to the Highest Instance (Appeal for Cassation)60

B. Main Purpose of Cassation61

C. The Various Chambers of the Supreme Court61

D. Evolution of Concept of "Legal Doctrine" as a Basis for Cassation; Effect of the Reform of the Rules of Civil Procedure of 200061

1.1.2. The Constitutional Court-Main Functions64

A. Introduction: the North American Model of Dispersed Jurisdiction Compared with the Austrian Model of Concentrated Jurisdiction64

B. Nature of the Spanish Constitutional Court67

a. Jurisdictional Nature67

b. Political Nature68

c. "Mixed" Special, Sui Generis and Complex Nature68

C. Relations between the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court and other Judicial Authorities: A Question of Hierarchy or Jurisdiction?69

D. Place Occupied by Case Law Established by Constitutional Court Rulings and Orders70

1.1.3. The Higher Courts of Justice of the Autonomous Communities;Territorial Jurisdiction74

1.1.4. The European Courts77

A. The European Court of Human Rights of Strasbourg77

B. The European Court of Justice of Luxembourg78

C. The International Criminal Court79

1.1.5. Value of Rulings by the General Department of Registers and Notaries Public81

1.2. Reiteration of Rulings82

1.3. Ratio Decidendi Compared with Obiter Dicta; The Ratio and Similar Concepts in Law82

1.3.1. The De Facto Assumption, Legal Consequence and Ratio as Elements of the Law; Historical Development of the Concept of Ratio83

A. The Greek Logos85

B. Appearance of the Term Ratio in Roman Law with a Different Meaning: The Arithmetical and Geometrical Ratio of Mathematical Content - Proportionality85

C. The Middle Ages85

a. The Glossators and Devotion to the Letter and Literal Interpretation86

b. The Post-glossators or Commentators and Use of Logical Interpretation in Search of the Ratio86

1.3.2. The Causa Legis in Transactions compared with the Ratio Legis in Law87

1.3.3. The Ocassio Legis Compared with the Ratio Legis87

1.3.4. The Anima Legis Compared with the Animus87

1.3.5. The Ratio Legis Compared with the Ratio Legislatoris88

1.3.6. The "Historical Ratio" Compared with the "Presumed or Hypothetical Ratio"90

1.3.7. The Corpus Compared with the Ratio and the "Criteria for Interpretation"91

1.3.8. The Opinio luris in Custom91

1.3.9. The Ratio in Legal Argumentation; Types97

A. The Eadem Ratio in Analogy98

B. The Major Ratio in the A Fortiori Argument98

C. The Minor or Contrary Ratio in the A Contrario Argument99

1.3.10. The Ratio Decidendi of the Judgement Compared with the Obiter Dicta; Fundamental Points of Law99

2. The Functions of Case Law100

2.1. The Interpretation of Law100

2.2. The Application of Law101

2.3. The Integration of Law102

2.4. The "Limited" and "Derived" Creative Function of Case Law103

2.5. Other Functions104

2.5.1. The Function of Decantation and Application of the General Principles of Law104

2.5.2. The Updating Function of Law105

2.5.3. The Function of Forming and Creating Legal Concepts105

3. Is Case Law, Especially that of the Supreme Court, a Source of Law in the Spanish Legal System?105

3.1. Arguments in Favour of it Being a Source107

3.1.1. The Evolution of the Principle of Separation of Powers107

3.1.2. Kelsen's "Stufenbau"Theory and Hart's "Open Texture" Theory; Problems Resolving the Improvement of Strict Legal Positivism and the Conception of Law as a Legal System107

3.1.3. The Infringement of Case Law as Grounds for Appeal to the Highest Instance (Appeal for Cassation)108

3.1.4. Association of Case Law with Other Sources of Law108

A. Association with Custom, i.e. Judicial Practice - Usus Fori109

B. Association with the General Principles of Law, as a Source of Said Principles110

C. Association with Legislation110

a. Case Law as "Special", "Individual" or "Specific" Law111

b. The Legislator's Tacit Approval via a posteriori "Reception" or Prior "Delegation" of the Case Law Rule112

c. The Legislator's Express Approval in the Additional Provisions of the Civil Code, by reference to the Comision de Codification (Council of Law Reporting)112

3.1.5. The New Value of Case Law due to Progressive Importance of "Agreements Adopted by the Non-jurisdictional Meetings of the Supreme Court"113

3.2. Arguments against it Being a Source115

3.2.1. A Strict Interpretation of the Principle of the Separation of Powers and the Judge's Position115

3.2.2. The General and Abstract Nature of Statute Law and the Specific Area of Case Law Maxims for Isolated Cases117

3.2.3. The Imperative Nature of Statute Law as a Source of Law compared with the Merely Persuasive, Non-binding and Merely Authoritative Value of Case Law118

3.2.4. Inclination of Legislation in Principle towards Permanence, Stability and Coherence compared with Freedom to Vary Doctrine and Contradiction in Case Law118

3.2.5. The Presumption of Res Judicata Compared with the Merely Exemplary Value of Case Law for all Cases Comparable with the One at Issue119

3.2.6. The Creation of Objective Law by Legislation Compared with the Award of Subjective Rights by Case Law120

3.2.7. The Requirements of Legal Certainty120

3.2.8. The Originating Value of Legislation Compared with the Borrowing Nature of Case Law121

3.2.9. The Creative Nature of Legislation Compared with the Function of Mere Interpretation, Application and Integration of Case Law121

3.3. Case Law and Equity122

3.4. Analogy and Resultant Maxims of Decision131

3.5. The Consideration of Case Law as an Improper, Material Source or Source of Knowledge of Law: "Legislation Reigns and Case Law Governs"134

3.6. The "Sources-Argument" Theory136

3.6.1. The Ab ExempIo Argument137

3.6.2. The Authority Argument137

3.6.3. The Principle of Formal Justice in Coordination with the Principle of Inertia140

3.6.4. Respect for Tradition141

3.6.5. The Pragmatic Argument141

3.7. The Models of Judge: Hercules, Jupiter and Hermes141

3.8. Formalism and the Anti-formalist Revolt, with Particular Reference to Case Law143

3.8.1. French Legal Anti-Formalism145

A. The French Scientific School of Francois Geny145

B. The French Sociological School of Leon Duguit146

3.8.2. German Conceptual Anti-Formalism147

A. The Jurisprudence of Interests of Ihering and Philipp Heck147

B. The Free School of Law of Hermann Kantorowicz and Eugen Ehrlich150

3.8.3. Jurisprudential Anti-formalism: The North American Sociological Jurisprudence of Oliver Wendell Holmes, Roscoe Pound and Benjamin Cardozo; North American Realism151

3.8.4. Other Anti-formalist Trends153

4. Changes in Case Law, Especially by the Supreme Court157

4.1. Can Case Law Be Changed?157

4.2. Is it Advisable to Change Case Law?157

4.3. If there Is a Change of Case Law, Which Prevails?158

4.3.1. The Oldest Case Law158

4.3.2. The Most Recent Case Law159

4.3.3. A Third, Distinct Line of Case Law159

5. Main Rules on the Sources of Law and Case Law in the Spanish Legal System160

5.1. The Pre-1978 Situation160

5.1.1. The Civil Code160

A. Pre-reform of the Preliminary Title of 31 May 1974, article 6160

B. Post-reform of the Preliminary Title of 31 May 1974, article 1.6161

a. The Systematic Argument or Sedes Materiae163

b. The Literal Argument and the Exhaustive List of article 1.1 of the Civil Code163

c. Case Law "Complements" but does not "Complete" the Legal System163

d. The Expression "Certain Legal Transcendence" in Reference to Case Law in the Preamble of the 1974 Reform of the Preliminary Title of the Civil Code164

e. The Express Recognition of "Analogy" Post-reform of the Preliminary Title of the Civil Code165

5.1.2. The Rules of Civil Procedure; the Reform of 2000165

5.2. The Post-1978 Situation166

5.2.1. Spanish Constitution of 1978 and its Main New Contributions on the Matter167

5.2.2. The Organic Law regarding the Judiciary169

6. Case Law in Other Continental Legal Systems170

6.1. German Law170

6.2. The Swiss Civil Code and the Legislator Judge172

Bibliography173

Index211